History of structural engineering

History of structural engineering

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the suspected signs of human existence. The earliest practice of {municipal|city|detrimental} engineering may have {started|began} between 4000 and {2k|2150|2050} BC in Ancient, the Indus Valley Civilization, and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to {give up|forego|get away from} a nomadic existence, {making a|building a|setting up a} need for the {building|structure|development} of shelter. During this time, transportation became {progressively|significantly|more and more} important leading to the development of the {steering wheel|tyre|tire} and sailing.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between {municipal|city|detrimental} engineering and architecture, and {the word|the definition of} engineer and {builder were|you were|recorded were} mainly geographical {variants|versions|different versions} {talking about|mentioning|discussing} the same {profession|job|career}, {and frequently|and sometimes|and quite often} used interchangeably.[7] The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) were some of the first {situations|circumstances|occasions} of large structure {buildings|improvements|recurring}. Other ancient historic {municipal|city|detrimental} engineering constructions include the Qantas water management system (the oldest is {old|more mature|elderly} than 3000 years and longer than 71 {kilometres|kilometers|kilometer}, ) the Parthenon byIktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian {Method|Approach} by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), {the fantastic|the truly amazing|the truly great} {Wall structure|Wall membrane} of China by {Basic|Standard} Meng T'ien under {purchases|requests|instructions} from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. {230|two hundred and twenty} BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the {intensive|comprehensive} water sources works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil {constructions|buildings|set ups} throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, provides hiding for, bridges, dams and {highways|streets|tracks}.
In the 18th {hundred years|100 years}, {the word|the definition of} civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian {instead of|rather than|in contrast to} {army|armed service|armed forces} engineering.[5] The first self-proclaimed civil {professional was|manufacture was} John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Light-house. In 1771 Smeaton and some of his {co-workers|fellow workers|acquaintances} formed the Smeatonian {Culture|World|Contemporary society} of Civil Engineers, {several|a team of|a grouping of} leaders of the {occupation|career|job} who met informally over dinner. Though there was proof of some {specialized|technological} meetings, it was little more than {an interpersonal|a sociable|a cultural} society.
In 1818 the Institution of Civil Designs was founded in {Greater london|London, uk|Birmingham}, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first {chief executive|leader|director}. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil {architectural|executive|anatomist} as a profession. {The|Their|It is} charter defined civil {architectural|executive|anatomist} as:
the art of directing {the fantastic|the truly amazing|the truly great} sources of power in nature for the use and {ease of|comfort of} man, as the {way of|ways of|method of} production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal {operate|transact|control}, as applied in the construction of roads, {links|connections}, aqueducts, canals, river {routing|course-plotting|nav} and docks for {inner|interior|inside} intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the ability of {routing|course-plotting|nav} by artificial power for the purposes of {business|trade|marketing}, and in the {building|structure|development} and application of {equipment|machines|devices}, and in the draining of cities and {cities|villages|neighborhoods}.