By far the {most significant|major} use of brick and tile products is, as it always has recently been, in building construction. {An additional|One more|One other} significant application is in drainage systems. Both applications are described in this section.
Building construction
{It might be|It could be|It can be} roughly accurate to say that about 65 percent {of all of the|of all} brick in the world goes into homes, and 35 percent {switches into|adopts} commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. Construction techniques change yearly and from country to country, but {essentially|fundamentally|quite simply} most brick and floor tile {are being used} in walls, with lesser use in {rooftops|roofing|attics} and floors.
WALLS
{Wall space|Surfaces|Wall surfaces} may be classified in three general categories: load-bearing, non-load-bearing, and veneer.
LOAD-BEARING {WALL SPACE|SURFACES|WALL SURFACES}
A load-bearing {wall structure|wall membrane} supports the loads of a structure, such as floors, equipment, furniture, and people. At one time buildings were constructed with very thick brick {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces} carrying all floor and other loads. {Type of|Style of} these walls was not {depending on|based upon} engineering data but only on well-intentioned but unscientific building codes. As {structures|properties|complexes} grew taller, the building code requirements for {width|density|fullness} {of the|of any|of your} brick wall became economically prohibitive. The previous truly high-rise, load-bearing {packet|stone|large rock} structure built under {old|more mature|elderly} codes was your Monadnock Building in Chicago (1889-91), 16 stories tall with the brick walls 2 metres (6 feet) {solid|thicker|heavy} at the base, tapering to 30 centimetres (12 inches) at the top story. The arrival of structural steel on the building scene put {a momentary|a non permanent} end to the {packet|stone|large rock} bearing-wall skyscraper, but research conducted in the {twentieth|20 th} century has led to upset. Thinner walls can be {made for|suitable for} high-rise {structures|properties|complexes} and built safely at a reasonable cost. {House|Flat|Condo} buildings in Switzerland, {Philippines|Australia|Indonesia}, Denmark, England, and other countries have risen 12-15 or more stories {backed|reinforced|recognized} by brick bearing {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces} no more than {35|40|31} centimetres thick. The use of reinforced brickwork ( {a blend|a combo} of brick, rewarding steel, mortar, and {concrete|bare cement|bare concrete} grout) permits even {slimmer|leaner|thin} walls.
Bearing walls may be classified into five general groups: (1) {packet|stone|large rock}, including brick tied {with each other|collectively|jointly} with cross brick (headers) or with metal {connections|jewelry|scarves}; (2) composite walls of brick and tile {linked|attached|tied up} together with headers or metal ties; (3) tooth cavity walls, in which the inner and outer wythes (tiers) of units are tied {along with|combined with|as well as} metal {connections|jewelry|scarves} but separated by an air space usually two or more inches in width; (4) reinforced {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces}, similar to cavity {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces} except that steel is {put|located} in the tooth cavity and the cavity {filled up with|stuffed with} a soupy mortar (grout); (5) single unit {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces}, {by using a} unit of necessary thickness to meet design requirements.
NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS
Non-load-bearing walls carry only their own weight and may be any one of the types discussed under load-bearing walls. This type of wall {can be used|is employed} to close in {a metal|a metallic|a material} or concrete frame building. It is usually {transported|taken} by supports, normally {metal|stainlesss steel|metallic} shelf angles at each floor, {and it is|and is also|which is} called a panel wall. If the wall is supported at the base only, it {is known as|is named|is referred to as} a curtain {wall structure|wall membrane}.
VENEER WALLS
Veneer {wall space|surfaces|wall surfaces} {resemble|act like} non-load-bearing walls in that they carry no weight except their own. The brick or {floor tile is|ceramic tile is|flooring is} fastened to a backing, but it {will|really does|truly does} not exert a common action with the {support|assistance|backing up}. Perhaps {the most frequent} use is brick veneer on {wooden|solid wood|real wood} frame dwellings. Other {good examples are|illustrations are|cases are} architectural terra-cotta and thin ceramic veneer on monumental buildings.
ROOFS
{Floor tile|Ceramic tile|Flooring} roofs are popular in the Mediterranean area and in the Low Countries of western Europe. In Italy craftsmen have developed {a skill|a form of art} of using relatively thin tile to form self-supporting arches. Tile {rooftops|roofing|attics} in {a number of other|a great many other|various other} areas, {especially|specifically} on residences, have recently been used extensively in the past, but {economical|monetary} {factors|concerns|things to consider} limit their use now; in addition to {the expense of|the price tag on} the tile is {the expense of|the price tag on} roof framing to support the heavier weight of the tile.
MISCELLANEOUS
{Assorted|Varied} uses in building {building|structure|development} include retaining walls, {packet|stone|large rock} floors, patios, and {strolls|moves|taking walks}. Most of these uses are decorative as well as utilitarian. The {keeping|holding onto|maintaining} wall of reinforced {packet|stone|large rock} provides an economical means of restraining earth {motion|movements|activity} and at the same time keeps a continuity of architectural effect, {especially|specifically} if the adjoining {framework is|composition is} built of {packet|stone|large rock}.
Brick floors, patios, and walks utilize the physical properties of brick, such as {resistance from|capacity} abrasion {also to|and} the elements. Paving {packet|stone|large rock}, per se, is {virtually|pretty much|almost} nonexistent, except for {alternative|substitute|replacement unit} where roads and {roads were|roadways were|pavements were} brick-paved long {back|in the past|before}. Industrial floor brick, however, supplies many industries {in whose|whoever} manufacturing and handling {functions|steps|process} require floors that {withstand|avoid} acids and provide a high degree of {resistance from|capacity} abrasion. Brick floors and patios, besides providing a long-lasting, low-maintenance material, offer the designer a medium for developing architectural results in both colours and patterns.
Structural clay draining products
Sewer pipe {performs|takes on} an important part in the world's ecology. A great almost impervious material because of its firing, {concentration|thickness}, and glazing, it can carry highly corrosive {waste materials|waste material|waste products} materials that nothing {otherwise|more|different} products can handle {financially|monetarily|cheaply}.
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